Khalid M. Al-Tawil
College of Computer
Sciences & Engineering
King Fahd University
of Petroleum & Minerals
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Modern Saudi Arabian society, one of the world’s most conservative societies, is represented by a marked contrast with the largely isolated and undeveloped nation scarcely 50 years ago. Oil revenues that brought affluence also brought a challenge of how to preserve the unique cultural and religious heritage. Religious conservatism and modernization may differ in opinions of what kind of technology might be appropriately used and how to make the best use of the Kingdom's wealth. Saudi Arabia is culturally homogeneous, with tribal membership remaining a pervasive aspect of social relations. The last three decades have brought far-reaching changes in the educational and employment opportunities that women enjoy. These changes have been structured in way that leaves intact the system of social relations based on sexual segregation.
With the huge expansion in public network and wireless access, government policy is changing to allow the development of new technologies while maintaining the same security and control of media use that is mandated in Saudi culture. Saudi Arabia has been linked to the Internet for several years, but public access was not widely available until January 1999. Internet connectivity was launched in many Universities and some government agencies in February 1999 [3] and made available to the public through commercial ISPs. The importance of Internet’s commercial potential is very well understood by almost everyone in Saudi Arabia, resulting in many Internet-related projects from back-bone design to electronic commerce. The project has evolved to balance these considerations.
1. The History of the Internet in the KSA
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM) in Dhahran was the first institution to connect to the Internet in 1993 through the College of Computer Sciences and Engineering. Two DNS’s Domain Names kfupm.edu.sa and kfupm.edu were reserved and Internet Protocol address classes were assigned to KFUPM. KFUPM’s direct connection to the Internet used X.25 network arranged with the Portal Company of the U.S. The setup for the X.25 connection over 9.6 Kbps was established by the College of Computer Sciences and Engineering, and due to this low speed, only E-mail was provided to the KFUPM community. In 1995, Portal stopped supporting connection based on the X.25 protocol, and the KFUPM connection was switched to King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST). KACST used a 64 Kbps channel from King Faisal Specialist Hospital (KFSH) in the capital of Saudi Arabia (Riyadh). KFSH was connected to the US over a T1 line (1.5 Mbps) to Baltimore Johns Hopkins Hospital for Tele-medicine and health education. In late 1998, KACST was connected directly to the Internet through Saudi Telecom Company (STC). KFSH did provide and still provides some governmental organizations with Internet connectivity, such as the Ministry of Higher Education and others. The largest oil company in the world (ARAMCO) got Internet connection directly to the US through a 64 Kbps leased line in 1995. ARAMCO is now connected to the Internet through 4 E1 lines (about 8 Mbps) with more than 20,000 users.
In May 1994, KACST was registered as the (sa) domain manager to coordinate Internet services within the Kingdom. In January 1996, KACST implemented a pilot project in which some dial-up connections were made available to KACST staff, and an interagency government commission was appointed to consider the benefits and problems of public Internet access. The evaluation process was extensive and dealt with both national security and social issues. The commission recommended that public access be allowed via proxy servers to be maintained by KACST to reduce the possibility of Saudi residents accessing “inappropriate” information. By December 1996, KACST had converted its Gulfnet Bitnet links to TCP/IP protocols. In April 1997, the Council of Ministers approved these recommendations, and the Ministry of PTT was directed to coordinate with KACST to establish local Internet services and in May 1997 commissioned the National Library Network. In February 1999, the Internet was provided for local ISPs to serve the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. KACST offers services to the country's academic and research communities, while commercial ISPs are licensed to provide public access services.
KACST started by creating a department called the Internet Service Unit (ISU) in 1998. ISU was given responsibility for providing Internet service in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in cooperation with Saudi Telecommunications Company (STC) and Internet Service Providers from the private sector.
The Ministry of PTT did not provide actual Internet connectivity to ISPs until it was privatized and became the Saudi Telecom Company (STC) in fourth quarter of 1998. STC now provides service for all ISPs to link to the ISU in KACST, but was requested to delay the provision of Internet services to the public sector for about a year to give a chance for other ISP’s to compete. STC is extending its network every year with multi-billion dollar projects, most of which were awarded to LUCENT Technology. Every year, thousands of phone lines are added to the public network and the high speed ATM backbone is expanded.
ISU
Although ISU is responsible for providing Internet service in KSA, it does not provide connectivity or support to end-users. ISU only provides Internet connectivity to universities and licensed commercial ISPs, which in turn provide the service commercially to individuals, companies, organizations and government agencies. One of the ISU’s tasks is to prepare and disseminate regulations related to Internet services in KSA. KACST, represented by the ISU, coordinates with other government agencies in KSA, such as the Ministry of Commerce, and, the Ministry of the Interior, to prepare and amend regulations and policies that ensure proper and smooth operation of the service in the Kingdom, both administratively and technically. The Saudi NIC (Network Information Center) in KACST administers the name space for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) by level domain (sa).
ISU does not impose technical restrictions on the type of connection between the ISP and its customers. STC hosts a number of access servers at their telephone exchanges and it routes the incoming calls to the ISP over their ATM network.
ISPs
ISP's are required to have registered and routable IP addresses in order to connect to the ISU. IP addresses can be supplied by the ISU or they can be obtained by ISP's through their own means. When IP addresses are supplied by ISU, they are considered the property of ISU and must be returned to ISU at the end of the contract between the ISP and the ISU.
All ISP's are required to maintain a database of their users. This database is used to authenticate users during the login process to the access servers. For security reasons, ISP's are required to keep a one-month log of user access to their network.
2. Internet Architecture
The Internet has a special architecture in Saudi Arabia. KACST handles the management and control of ISPs, while only one of them, STC, provides the Internet physical communication infrastructure. Internet communication is structured on three levels as follows:
ISPs are commercial companies that provide Internet access to the public, government and private sector through dialup and leased lines. ISPs are connected to ISU through the National ATM Backbone. (See Figure 1)
The National Backbone is being developed by the Saudi Telecom Company (STC) as a high-speed network (currently ATM) to most parts of the Kingdom. Currently, the main regions of the Kingdom are covered by this backbone with expansion planned for the remaining regions. ISU and all ISPs are connected to the National Backbone, which carries Internet traffic inside the Kingdom. (See Figure 2)
National Internet Backbone
The International Link connects the National Backbone to the International Internet. The International link is operated by ISU and all international Internet traffic to the Kingdom is required to go through this link. Currently there are 11 E1 lines (about 22 Mbps) connecting ISU to the Internet.
3. Early Stages
In order to launch a successful Internet service in Saudi Arabia, the ISU conducted a market study of potential as well as actual Internet users in the Kingdom. The objectives of this study were to estimate the number of Internet users for the next few years and to ascertain the characteristics of users in order to understand their computing environment and their needs [6]. The survey concentrated mostly on the technical infrastructure of the users and their expected pattern of Internet usage.
When KACST opened the door for commercial sector to provide Internet services and form ISPs, about 170 companies applied to provide these services. Only 39 were approved as ISPs, and out of these only 26 ISPs are currently providing Internet services to the public in the major cities of the Kingdom. These range from very small companies with about 500 subscribers to large ones providing Internet services to over 5000 users.
The Internet Problems
The Internet project in Saudi Arabia started to face several problems with the onset of public access. The first problem was the limited international bandwitch of initially 2 E1 lines (about 4 Mbps), resolved now by expanding it to high speed lines, providing over 155 Mbps capacity for international Internet traffic from and to Saudi Arabia. The second problem which faced several ISPs has been limited access to the Internet backbone provided by STC. The switches connecting each ISP to the Internet national backbone can provide very limited number of subscribers with reasonable access speed. The modems provided to each ISP can support at most 2000 subscribers, and some large ISPs have overloaded these modems, resulting in many customers complaining about the Internet services and affecting the reputation of some ISPs. This problem is being resolved by adding thousands more modems at STC after several complaints from ISPs. The third major problem is limitation of a single Internet gateway to the country as all Internet traffic has to come through KACST due to security and control issues. The ISP’s that provide Internet services are all connected to this single international Gateway. This centralization scheme is considered to be a major bottleneck to the process of connection to the Internet.
Another problem facing some ISP’s to provide better customer services is that all ISP’s are connected to switches controlled by their competitor STC.
The process of connecting to the Internet
- User calls the ISP number
- the call is answered by a switch controlled by STC
- the switch then connects user to ISP
- the ISP is connected to ISU through ATM Internet backbone
- ISU is connected to the Internet using E1 lines through proxy servers
When the user calls an ISP, the call reaches a switch in the STC and switched to the ISP access server. This means that they don’t have control over the process of connection for their subscribers.
4. Internet Censorship
The concern for Internet access in Saudi Arabia comes from its cultural and religious values and national security. Control and censoring in Saudi Arabia is justified on historical and socio-political grounds. For content filtering reasons, all international WWW traffic must go through the main proxy server at ISU, which will keep a log of this activity. Only the ISP’s proxies are allowed to connect to ISU's proxy. Thus, all ISPs offering WWW access to their customers must run their own caching proxy server. ISPs are not required to block any sites. ISU’s proxy does that; but they are required to maintain a one-month log of their user activity. The log must include IP address, user name, and date of activity, time of activity, HTTP command used and full URL accessed.
All newsgroup feed to ISPs must come from the central news server at the ISU. ISPs willing to offer a news service to their customers must operate their own news servers, or agree with another local ISP to use their server to connect to the ISU news server. All international IRC traffic must go through the main IRC server at ISU, and all ISP's willing to offer this service to their customers must operate their own IRC server or agree to use the servers of another ISP to connect to ISU.
System administrators at ISPs may use further controls and firewalls for their network security, but this does not provide a bypass of KACST central censoring. KFUPM, for example, has its own firewall and different proxy servers for students, staff and faculty. The blocking of web sites provides some control, but there are many ways to go around it. The Saudi government understands this but wants to provide WWW service with some effort to control. The monitoring of Internet access mainly provides a warning for users (see figure 3) and almost everything is cached and stored for future use. Saudi Arabia is not the only country wanting to maintain some control over the Internet to protect the people and the country’s interests. Many other countries share these concerns about the Internet like China, Singapore, and many leading Western countries such as Germany, and the U.S.
5. Connectivity and Current Status
STC’s initial 2 E1 lines for international Internet traffic now extend to very high speed lines, and the initial 500 modem ports with a v.90 standard and a speed of 56 KBPS is being expanded to thousands of modems. KACST-ISU distributed the modem ports evenly to the ISP’s and each ISP assigned 125 ports. Each modem port can handle from 5 to 20 subscribers at the same time but with differences in quality. About 10,000 modems were added recently to the Internet backbone.
The prices range from $25 to $100 per month with a limited amount of time. The ISP does not make much money from providing the connection only; they count more on add up services such as hosting web pages and providing consultations.
Web sites with the domain (.sa) have started to come out and are rapidly increasing; currently there are more than 2000 web sites. The number of users connected to the Internet has passed 60,000 – about 30,000 through ISPs and 30,000 others through large companies and organizations. This number of Internet subscribers is rapidly increasing, making Saudi Arabia as one of the largest countries in the region enjoying Internet services.
Acknowledgement
The author would like to acknowledge the support of King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dr. Sadiq Sait Mohammad and Dr. Jon Anderson for their input, which improved the presentation of the paper.
REFERENCES
[1]. Helen Chapin Metz, “Saudi Arabia: a country study” Library of Congress, USA, 1992.
[2]. Al-Athel, Salah, “Internet in Saudi Arabia” presentation by the President of King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), INTERNET GULF 98 Symposium, Chamber of Commerce & Industry, Eastern Province, June 1998.
[3]. Seymour Goodman, “The Internet Gains Acceptance in the Persian Gulf” Communication of the ACM, March 1998, Vol. 41, pp. 19-24.
[4]. Tan, Zixiang (Alex), “Two Steps Forward, One Step Back”, Communication of the ACM, Dec. 1997, vol. 40, pp. 11-17.
[5]. ISU, “Technical Requirements for Licensing Internet Services Providers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”, Internet Services Unit, http://www.isu.net.sa, August 1998.
[6]. “Internet in KSA”, Internet Services Unit, http://www.isu.net.sa.
Appendix
Terminology Used of abbreviation in this report:
Internet Services Unit (ISU):
A unit of King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) responsible for providing Internet services in the Kingdom as mandated by the Council of Ministers.
Saudi Telecom Company (STC):
The Saudi telecommunications company; that was formerly part of the Ministry of Post, Telephone, and Telex (PTT). STC was formed in October 1998 and provides the Internet services to ISPs
Internet Service Provider (ISP):
An Internet Service Provider is an entity that provides Internet access trough telecommunication to the public.
